Shark Finn Soup Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Shark Finn Soup - Research Paper Example The paper also considers the laws made by various nations to stop shark fin harvesting and how the concerned individuals, groups and institutions can create awareness amongst the masses regarding the cruelty and wastage associated with shark fin harvesting. Keywords Sharks fins, finning, ecology, cruelty, extinction, harvesting Shark Fin Soup There is no denying the fact that Shark Fin Soup happens to be an important constituent of the Chinese cuisine. It is also true that Shark Finn is treated as a luxury item as far as the Chinese cuisine is concerned and is usually served on formal occasions and gatherings like banquets and weddings. Shark Fin is primarily used to add texture to the Chinese soups in combination with a number of other ingredients and spices. As far as the Chinese cuisine is concerned, Shark Finn soup tends to be an ingredient of historical relevance and its history could be traced back to the Ming dynasty (Earth Island Journal 2013, 8). The irony is that though sha rk fin soup involves much cruelty on the part of professional fisherman, with the increase in the income of Chinese population, the demand for the Shark Finn soup has been constantly on the rise. This is indeed worrisome and serious when one takes into consideration the survival and sustainability of the shark species. This is because the shark fins required to make Shark Fin Soup are collected from a range of shark species. Not only Shark Finn Soup is responsible for a decline in the shark populations around the world, the collections of shark fins by the fisherman involves much cruelty as they simply chop off the shark fins from a shark and throw back the rest of the shark in the ocean to die a painful and cruel death. On e big reason why the Chinese like the Shark Fin Soup is because they consider the Shark Fin Soup to be an important part of the Chinese culture. Simply speaking Shark Finn Soup happened to be a culinary delicacy that was earlier afforded by the rich and wealthy o nly (Dukes 2011, 42). In a way the Shark Fin Soup happened to be a symbol of wealth and status. Thereby, to claim that Shark Fin Soup happens to be a food of cultural importance is faulty because most of the Chinese actually speaking did not afford to eat Shark Fin soup. They were simply not in a financial position to buy Shark Fin Soup. Shark Fin Soup happened to be a delicacy that was primarily confined to the rich Chinese families. Thereby, actually speaking the popularity of the Shark Finn Soup is a trend that is of recent origins. This is because with the rise of the economic reforms in China and with the opening up of the Chinese economy, the number of Chinese people who are rich has dramatically increased over the years (Dukes 2011, 42). As Shark Fin Soup carries a snob appeal, many of the newly rich Chinese do prefer to buy and serve Shark Finn Soup because they believe that it adds to their social stature. Yet the bad thing is that those people who like to eat Shark Finn So up are simply not concerned about the cruelty to which the sharks are subjected to, to get their fins. They show no concern for the decreasing shark populations owing to the well established shark fin trade. Every years, millions of sharks are killed around the world so as to harvest the shark fins that constitute an important constituent of the Shark Fin Soup and some other Chinese and East Asian delicacies (Reading 2000, 51). The method resorted to

Moving Average Method: Limitations and Types of

Moving Average Method: Limitations and Types of Forecasting is very essential and important part in business planning. It refers to estimation of the demand for products and services in coming future and the resource necessary to produce these outputs. Estimates of the future demand for products or services are commonly referred to as sales forecast. In other words, forecasting is the art and science of predicting future events. Is is not mere a guess or prediction about the future without any rational basis. It may involve taking historical data or intuitive prediction in the absence of historical data. Basis of Forecasting Forecasting by its nature uses data from the past period to forecast the future projection of the company. Historical data includes your organization`s financial statements and any information you believe has relative predictive value to the future success of your company. Historical data doesnt have to solely come from your company; it can also be historical macroeconomic data, such as the Consumer Confidence Index, interest rates, housing starts or any other economic variable you believe has an effect on your business based on your business experience and observations. Moving Average Method A moving average method uses a number of most recent historical actual data values to generate a forecast. The moving average for n number of periods in the moving average is calculated as : This method uses the average of a number of adjoining data points or periods. The averaging process uses overlapping observations to generate averages. The term moving refers to the way averages are calculate the forecast moves up or down the time series to pick observations to calculate an average of a fixed number of observations. In our ten periods on the question the moving averages method would use the average of the most recent ten observations of the data in the time series as the forecast for the next period. The moving average is commonly used with time series data to smooth out the short-term fluctuation and highlights long term trends or cycles. The threshold between Long-term and short-term term depends on the application and the parameter of the moving average will be set accordingly. For example it usually used in the technical analysis of financial data like stock prices and return various stock or trading volume A moving average also called rolling average, is an average price movement indicator, showing average value of the data within specific time frame. Moving average levels are interpreted as resistance in a rising market, or support in a falling market. Here a support level means a price rank where the price tends to find support as it is going down. The price is more likely to bounce off this level rather than break through it. A resistance level is the opposite of a support level and is an upper extreme where the price tends to find resistance as it is going up. Modern graphical analytic programs calculate wide range of different Moving Average types and offer assortment of their visualization styles. A time frame for calculation could be set as short, intermediate or long term. For long term trend the 200-days average is most popular; for medium term 50-days average and for short term 10 days average. Following types of rolling averages are used more often than others: a simple moving average (SMA); a weighted moving average (WMA) and an exponentially moving average (EMA). Types of moving average method Simple moving average method it is used to estimate the average of a demand time series and remove the effects of random fluctuation. It is most useful when demand has no pronounced trend or seasonal fluctuations. In this method if we use n period moving averages, the average demand for the n most recent time periods is calculated and used as forecast for the next time period. For the next period, after the demand is known, the older demand from the previous average is replaced with the most recent demand and the average is recalculated. Weighted moving average method in this method each historical demand in the moving average can have its own weight and the sum of the weight equals one. For example, in a 5 period weighted moving average model, the most recent period might be assigned a weight 0.50, the second most recent period might be assigned a weight of 0.30, 0.20, 0.10, and for third most period with a weight of 0.05. text{WMA}_{M} = { n p_{M} + (n-1) p_{M-1} + cdots + 2 p_{(M-n+2)} + p_{(M-n+1)} over n + (n-1) + cdots + 2 + 1} The advantage of weighted average method is that is allows emphasis on recent demand over earlier demand. Exponential Smoothing Method It is a sophisticated weighted moving method that is still relatively easy to understand and use. It requires only three items of data: periods forecast, the actual demand for this period and ÃŽÂ ± which is referred to as smoothing constant and having a value between 0 and 1. The formula of the ESM is as follows: Ft = Ft-1 + ÃŽÂ ± (At-1 Ft-1) Where Ft = Forecast for the period (t) Ft-1 = Forecast for the previous period (t-1) At-1 = Actual demand for the previous period (t-1) ÃŽÂ ± = Smoothing constant (value varies from 0 to 1) Selecting a smoothing constant is basically a matter of judgment or trial and error. Commonly used values of ÃŽÂ ± range from 0.05 to 0.5. Feature Moving average method:- Smoothing data Moving average help in smoothing or smooth function on the original sequence, the original sequence of fluctuation is weakened, and the average interval number N bigger, stronger on series smoothing effect. Odd and Even Moving average time interval number N is odd, only a moving average, the moving average as the middle moving average terms in a trend representative value; and when the moving average term N is even, the moving average value represents the middle position of the even level, not on a time, is in need of an adjacent two average value of the moving average, it can make the average value of a certain period of time, this is called shift is average, also become the center of moving average. Seasonal changes When the series include seasonal change, moving average interval number should be consistent with the seasonal variation of N length, in order to eliminate the seasonal variation; if the sequence contains a cycle of change, from the terms N and cycle length should be basically the same average, cycle fluctuation elimination can be better Advantages of Moving average method: Easily understandable The moving average model assumption is that the most accurate prediction of future demand is a simple (linear) combination of past demand moving average method is easy to understand than any other method. This method smooths the data and makes it easier to spot trend.. Simple and Easy Calculation Moving average is calculated by taking the arithmetic mean of a given set of values. They are easier to use than other regression models. For example, to calculate a basic 10-day moving average you would add up the closing prices from the past 10 days and then divide the result by 10. Stable Forecasts how responsive we want the forecasting model to be to changes in the actual demand data must be balanced against our desire to suppress undesirable chance variation or noise in the data. With help of moving average can achieve such objectives. Limitations of Moving Average Method Equal weighing is given to each of the values used in the moving average calculation, whereas it is reasonable most reasonable data is more important to current situations. The moving average method doesnot takes into account the data outside the average period. The use of unadjusted moving average can lead to misguiding forecast The moving average method to a large number of data records from the past; Through the introduction of new data is more and more time, continuously revised average value, as predicted value. The basic principle of moving average method is through the moving average to eliminate irregular time series of changes and other changes, thus revealing the long-term trend of time series. Solution to the Given Problem Year No. of Cars 3 Year Moving Total 3 Year Moving Average 1 1324 ____ ____ 2 1605 ____ ____ 3 1486 4415 1471.67 4 1567 4658 1552.67 5 1687 4740 1580.00 6 1021 4275 1425.00 7 1424 4132 1377.33 8 986 3431 1143.67 9 1529 3939 1313.00 10 1425 3940 1313.33

Essay --

My 20 year old cousin has been informed that I have recently taken a class in Aids and Epidemics. This course was mainly used to inform me about how risky HIV transmission can be. As well how easily it may be spread from one person to another. My cousin has asked me to inform her about HIV and how it could effect her. There are many ways to avoid the spread but it requires taking proper precautions which I will inform you about as you read along. It’s safest to try and be in a monogamous relationship so you and your partner know who each of you are sleeping with. There are many ways at which you could be at risk and don’t even know it. The safest way to protect you is to wait for sexual intercourse until the person is either checked or each of the individuals are virgins and commit to each other. This will ensure that neither one of you is sleeping with anyone else nor you’re both clean. As you read the essay below I will inform you on how exactly HIV can be tran smitted, how you could be at risk, and what measures you should take in order to protect yourself. This is a very scary v...

Why Do Luxury Companies Sponsor Art?

Course: The Environment of Visual Arts Administration Instructor: Prof. Carlo Lamagna Title of the paper: Why do luxury companies sponsor art? Author: Qing Zhong Why do luxury companies sponsor art? Motivations of corporate art sponsorship fall in many categories, as suggested by O'Hagan and Denice (O'Hagan,J. 2000). The analysis of this article concentrates on the external benefits a luxury company could gain from sponsoring art and particular attention will be given to the promotion of brand image, as it is a dominant motivation for corporate decision makers in order to raise brand awareness (Hitters, 1996).To examine the outcomes of art sponsorship, examples of some luxury companies will be given. These examples include but are not necessarily limited to, Deutsche Bank, LVMH and Hermes. Each example will examine one aspect of the three major motivations that can be generalized into the publicity/brand image promotion category. In addition to these three examples, a personal observ ation will be given as a complete inspection analyzing all the motivations in a flowing process.All the cases used in this article are â€Å"designer sponsorship† which means that luxury companies either initiate corporate art organizations or organize their own art events (Eamon O hOisin 1995). Instead of sponsoring existent art organizations or events, designer sponsorship allow luxury companies to take control over all aspects of the activities and thus maximizes the potential outcomes. The starting point of this discussion is the definition of sponsorship.It has been reiterated thousands of times by many luxury companies as selfless motives. However, it is not true in reality. Differing from charity or philanthropy, sponsorship is at its best a win-win situation in which sponsors put their own benefits, instead of the sponsored subjects’, in the first place. For the recipients, financial support may save them from desperate situations. For the givers, expected bene fits include earning capacity growth or transferring a responsible corporate image to the public.Luxury companies may not gain directly from their sponsorship behaviors, but they gain huge indirect bnefits from branding and image promotion to the public (Krzysztof Klincewicz, 1998). Indirect benefits relating to art sponsorship could be further detailed in three aspects. Firstly, by appearing more frequently in front of the public’s eyes on banners, boards, websites or TV news report, luxury companies propagate themselves and impress the latent clients in a way that is different from traditional advertisements.A good example worth mentioning is the Deutsche Bank’s sponsorship for various art forms, including art fairs such as the International Hong Kong Art Fair, Art Fair Tokyo, self designed art events such as â€Å"Artist of the Year† and influential long-term art projects like the cooperation between Deutsche Bank and the Guggenheim Museum. Figure 1 Hong Kong International Art Fair Sponsorship for worldly renowned art events gives Deutsche Bank a wide coverage and exposure in social media and thus expands its visibility to the public, but this kind of brand exposure is not directly related with Deutsche Bank’s products.It gives the public a fresh and indirect perspective to approach the bank and its products. As can be seen in Figure 1, whenever viewers browse on the Hong Kong Art Fair’s website, they can’t avoid noticing the little image of the bank on the right corner. Same situation applies to other art events such as the â€Å"Deutsche Bank’s Artist of the Year†. It is impossible for the media to mention this event without saying its title beginning with the â€Å"Deutsche Bank†.It is neither impossible for the public to get a first impression for the event without knowing that it is sponsored by the bank. Secondly, art sponsorship transcends the role of a narrowly defined advertising tool a nd adds meanings and value to the company and its products, which is the most essential difference between art sponsorship and sports or entertainment sponsorship (O'Hagan,J. 2000). Value creation is essential as it stimulates emotional connections in human minds and help luxury companies attract and gather key clients who share the same kind of ifestyle with their unique brands. By sponsoring art, luxury companies create images that consistently convey their value and expect potential clients connect the corporate identity with these images, which is often times not just an illusion as meaning transferring and image associations are most effective and immediate when such image links exist (Gwinner, K. 1997). Let’s take a look at Bernard Arnault‘s plan on the LVMH Museum, which has been a controversial issue since 2006 because of the conflict between the public rights and the corporate’s benefits.Figure 2 LVMH Museum The museum looks fabulous. It’s itself an art work by the renowned architect Frank Gehry, but it’s also a iconic image of the corporate self-portrait: arrogant, powerful, egocentric and elitist. The project once ceased constructing because neighbors  objected: they want the space to remain green and they don't want this to be the start of more buildings in the bois, even if it's by Gehry. However, the senate finally compromised to LVMH’s superpower announcing that this project contributes to the civic pride and cultural identity of the nation.Ironically, the content of this museum may not be as democratic or liberal as stated. It will include Arnault’s private and corporate collections as well as heritage pieces from several brands such as Dior and Vuitton-those have always been regarded as belongings of the elite. Contrary to the senate’s announcement, LVMH reinforces its value and identity by building up a private coded museum that can only be decoded by the counterparts, namely, the limit ed elite who would have the sense and taste to appreciate the art in the same way the company appreciates it.Wouldn’t the public be scared off if they approach this apparently exclusive and flamboyant museum? They might come up with an even stronger conclusion that glory only belongs to the superior. As for the â€Å"lucky† elite, their requirements for supremacy can be further satisfied and therefore confirms their degree of honesty for the company. Thirdly, since sponsorship is naturally linked with social responsibility, it will relieve the public’s aversion for the luxury that is often times regarded as a superior, limited VIP belonging distinguishing the elite class from the grass roots.Promotion of public image also provides better returns in luxury companies’ rent-seeking process – that of lobbying important politicians or policy makers (O'Hagan, J. 2000). Cartier might have been excelled in establishing such a generous and socially responsi ble identity in its continuous giving for the Foundation Cartier since 1984. Besides the organization’s name, there is no link between the artworks commissioned by or in the foundation’s collection and the Cartier brand.This kind of sponsorship is therefore called the â€Å"pure† sponsorship in order to distinguish from the product-related one (O'Hagan,J. 2000). Figure 3 The Foundation Cartier The artworks in the collection travel around the world and ongoing programs take place in the foundation’s dynamic, light-filled home in Paris, which Figure 2 presents. For nearly 30 years, Foundation Cartier has been sponsoring the contemporary art in a modest and prudent manner.Though hard to notice, this conduct might have won a good reputation for Cartier and would benefit the brand enormously in its long term rent-seeking activities. Finally, in order to delineate a more consistent and comprehensive picture, an independent case based on my personal observation at the Rolex Mentor ; Protege Arts Initiative will be studied to integrate all the three motivations stated above. The Rolex Mentor and Protege Arts Initiative is an international philanthropic programme created to assist extraordinary, rising artists to achieve their full potential.It seeks out these artists from around the world and brings them together with great masters, for a year of creative collaboration in a one-to-one mentoring relationship. The event that I volunteered at was a â€Å"dinner celebrating the Mentors and Proteges of the 2010-2011 Rolex Arts Initiative†. It was actually a quite exclusive event with safeguards standing outside the entrance and all guests dressing up with their by-invitation-only cards. Admittedly, Rolex has done a lot to propagate this initiative, as can be seen on various websites, on banners, n magazines and on spot of the celebrating dinner (Refer to Figure 4). Figure 4 Entrance of the dinner for celebration the Rolex Arts Initiative However, â€Å"By Invitation Only† is what I felt for this arts initiative because during a whole year of mentoring, no public access has been allowed into the procedure all the way from selecting qualified candidates to presenting the cooperative final projects. Only the â€Å"selected† will have a real sense for what is happening within this event.This â€Å"selected† group includes the renowned artists, board of the Rolex, celebrities and business magnets, all of whom share a common character of being superior and elite (from my observation at the Rolex dinner). As the art initiative reflects the value of Rolex, it satisfies and attracts the same group of people who recognize and approve of this value. If attracting only a small group of people is what Rolex aims at, there will be some questions to ask: Does the initiative promote the public image of Rolex? Is this program contributing to the overall goodness of the society?Can the public feel the goodness an d if yes, to what extent? Information gathered from the websites or the observation did not suggest a positive answer to this question, but together they do not provide enough evidence to make a decisive conclusion. Luxury companies’ motivations for art sponsorship are tailored to the internal and external situation each company faces. They are diversified and sometimes hard to recognize, but together they stimulates information and resource exchange between art organizations, business and the public and contribute to the flourish of the art ecology.Bibliography Bulut, D. â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility in Culture and Art. †Ã‚  Management of Environmental Quality  20, no. 3 (2009): 311. Comunian, R. â€Å"Toward a New Conceptual Framework for Business Investments in the Arts: Some Examples from Italy. †Ã‚  The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society  39, no. 3 (2009): 200. Eamon O hOisin. â€Å"Art Marketing: Sport on the Sidelines. †Ã‚  Ci rca  no. 71 (Spring, 1995): pp. 43-45. Gwinner, K. â€Å"A Model of Image Creation and Image Transfer in Event Sponsorship. †Ã‚  International Marketing Review  14, no. 3 (1997): 145.Krzysztof Klincewicz. â€Å"Ethical Aspects of Sponsorship. †Ã‚  Journal of Business Ethics  17, no. 9/10, How to Make Business Ethics Operational: Creating Effective Alliances: The 10th Annual EBEN Conference (Jul. , 1998): pp. 1103-1110. O'Hagan, J. â€Å"Why do Companies Sponsor Arts Events? some Evidence and a Proposed Classification. †Ã‚  Journal of Cultural Economics  24, no. 3 (2000): 205. pp. 6. 8 Okonkwo, Uche. Luxury Fashion Branding : Trends, Tactics, Techniques. Basingstoke: Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Deusche Bank,â€Å"Art & Music: Fostering Creativity†, http://www. db. com/csr/en/art_and_music. htm (Accessed Novembe r 21). [ 2 ]. Judith H. Dobrzynski, â€Å"Paris To Get Gehry's LVMH Museum Afterall†, Arts Journel Weblog, http://www. artsjournal. com/realcleararts/2011/04/lvmh. html (Accessed November 21). [ 3 ]. LaPlaca Cohen, â€Å"Cultural Sponsorship†, http://www. laplacacohen. com (Accessed November 21). [ 4 ]. The Rolex Mentor and Protege Arts Initiative, â€Å"About the initiative†, http://www. rolexmentorprotege. com/en/ about-the-initiative/index. jsp(Accessed November 21, 11).

My experience, role and learning support Essay

In accordance to the ethical guidelines written by The British Education Research Association (BERA, 2004), the names of the children and school, where used, have been changed in order to maintain confidentiality and anonymity. My role (Hancock et al. , 2013 p1) States that â€Å"the practice of learning support as carried out by teaching assistants has developed considerably in recent times†. In the nursery I work along side two higher level teaching assistants and the nursery teacher. At this stage of school life, the majority of learning is through play, so we encourage the use of structured, well thought out fun educational games and play either in small groups or on a one to one basis, I carry out structured activities i. e. drawing, writing, crafting and reading, either on a one to one basis or with a small group of usually 4-6 children. I help identify any child or children that may benefit from further one to one help, through keeping well informed observation notes (KU1. 1) (KS3. 1) (PPS4. 3) In my role as classroom assistant in year one, my role is very similar to that of the classroom assistant, Margaret Verrecchie, in reader book 1 (Hancock et al. , 2013, pg4) A classroom assistant) I work along side the teacher and one teaching assistant. I help the teacher in the classroom, prepare resources’ for the session and offer the children extra support with reading and writing, it depends on what the teacher wants and needs and on what she asks me to do. Each day is different, and my duties vary accordingly. (PPS4. 3) (KS3. 1) As a midday supervisor, I work along side 10 other midday supervisors, supervising the children in the dining area and other parts of the school during the lunch time break. I help the children with a variety of tasks such as cutting up food, unwrapping of pack lunches and help teach good eating habits, After the children finish eating, we go to the playground, or if it’s wet play, a classroom, where I supervise the children at play. I ensure pupils keep out of areas that are out of bounds, deal with misbehaviour, reporting any problems that I’m unable to resolve to my duty manager, I attend to all pupils who are sick or injured, ensuring they receive the appropriate medical attention, reporting all accidents in the accident report book, I am aware of my responsibilities under the child protection legislation, reporting any concerns I may have to my senior supervisor or child protection officer. I enjoy this role as it allows me to see the children in a more relaxed environment, giving me the invaluable opportunity to get to know the children, on a more personal level, getting to know their personalities outside of the classroom. As lunchtimes are a great opportunity for the children to burn of f some steam, I try to encourage the children to take part in lots of physical activities like skipping and hoopla hoops. (PPS4. 3) I can personally relate to the parent helper in the (The Open University, 2013) E111 DVD sequence –Pam Crawford is a parent helper with a son who is special needs statemented, In the sequence, Pam states that she originally started to volunteer mainly to support her son, but along the way she decided that being a teaching assistant was what she wanted to be, so started a college course to train to become a qualified teaching assistant, which is exactly the same as why I am doing this course. Framework I provide a varied and broad array of duties and tasks on a daily basis in support to the pupils, the teacher, the school and the curriculum, through performing activities on a one to one basis or as part of a team with my work colleagues. Although they do tend to regularly overlap each other, I offer the four levels of support as suggested in the DfEE framework. (PPS4. 3) To support the pupils I encourage them to act independently in an appropriate way, to interact with each other and engage enthusiastically in all the classroom activities. I try to establish a good relationship with all the pupils, acting as a good role model, being aware of and responding appropriately to all individual needs. I supervise and support all the pupils ensuring their safety and make sure they have access to learning at all times. I help them to develop their skills in listening, to express their feelings and ideas, help them to understand, describe, select and retrieve information, show them ways in which to help with problem solving, communication etc. I also attend to all pupils’ personal needs including social, health, physical, hygiene, minor first aid and general well being. To help support the teacher, I prepare the classroom as and when needed for the lessons then clear everything away at the end of the lesson. I also help display pupils work around the classroom; I keep records as and when asked to do so by the teacher. I also support the teacher by managing pupil behaviour, reporting all difficulties appropriately, to the relevant member of staff. I also gather and report and information to and from parents or careers at the end of the school day and I provide administration duties as and when the teacher requires. To support the school I participate in any training and learning activities and any performance development meetings as and when required, I contribute to the overall ethos of the school, I am aware of and support difference and ensure all pupils have equal access to opportunities to learn and discover and to be aware of and comply with policies and procedures relating to child protection, health, safety and security, confidentiality and data protection, reporting all concerns to an appropriate person. To help support the curriculum I help prepare and maintain equipment/resources as directed by the teacher and assist the pupils in their use, also supporting the pupils in using basic ICT as directed by the teacher. I support the pupils in respect to national and local learning strategies e. g. literacy, numeracy, early years as directed by the teacher and help pupils understands instructions that have been given by the teacher. Previous interests and experiences I enjoyed school and took part in lots of school activities like the school productions and the school summer floats at carnival time, I also learnt to play the flute which gained me a place in the school orchestra. I was confident and never had problems making friends, although I did struggle with my school work, but I never let it beat me, I always strived to do my best. I have always been able to take the initiative and have a positive and adaptable personality. I find it easy to fit in with my surroundings and work well as part of a team or on my own. Since leaving school, I’ve worked for various companies, big and small. I’ve been a company administrator for a large company, which built up my confidence working as part of a team which encouraged me to be more efficient with my time as I had to work to strict deadlines, gaining knowledge on company policies and procedures and improving my ICT, and communication skills. I was also a care worker for a care agency where confidentiality was paramount; I went to client’s homes to perform various duties from personal care to shopping and housework. It’s through this job that I learnt skills to encourage people to be independent and carry out simple instructions/tasks. It’s also through this job that I learnt the importance of confidentiality and to keep completely accurate, up to date client observational records. I have three children of my own now and the experiences gained from being a mother, on top of the experiences gained from previous employment and my current employment, has enabled me to make the clear decision that I would like to pursue a career as a teaching assistant as I feel that the skills I’ve gained through life are all relevant to a teaching assistant’s role and skills that I have acquired for life. Key theories and concepts Both Piaget and Vygotsky were instrumental in forming a scientific approach on cognitive development in children. Jean Piaget was one of the first psychologists to reveal that children reason and think differently at different periods in their lives. Piaget considered development went through four stages: Sensori-motor: Pre-Operational: Concrete Operational and the formal Operational stage. The Sensori-motor period (0-2 yrs) is the first stage, as the infants interactions are based on exploring their environment through their senses and abilities, such as grasping and sucking, this also includes practice play as the infant is able to repeat actions continually, but with no intention. The pre-Operational stage (2-7 yrs) is where children’s language is rapidly developed, allowing them to express themselves. They start to use pretend play and parallel play which means children are talking but it is not directed at anyone in particular. The Concrete operation (7-11 yrs) and Formal Operational (11-adult) periods are the third and fourth stages. These are not usually considered in early childhood education but they are still equally important as they are able to think realistically and logically about situations and understand their world (Pulaski. 1980) Vygotsky believes children’s learning of new cognitive skills is guided by an adult or a more skilled child, such as an older sibling, who structures the child’s learning experience, a process Vygotsky called scaffolding. To create an appropriate scaffold, the adult must gain and keep the child’s attention, model the best strategy and adapt the whole process to the child’s developmental level. Vygotsky used this term to signify tasks that are too hard for the child to do alone, but can manage with guidance. Children do seem to follow a certain internal structure, for example grasping and touching, but not all children learn in the same way or at the same pace. A classic example of Vygotskys scaffolding theory can be seen with my two sons, the youngest that at the time was in nappies wanted to use the big toilet like his big brother, so as suggested by Vygotsky, my eldest son used the scaffolding technique. Vygotskys ideas have important educational applications, like Piagets, Vygotskys theory suggest the importance of opportunities for active exploration. But assisted discovery would play a greater role in a Vygotskian classroom than in a Piagetian class: The teacher would provide the scaffolding for children’s discovery, through questions, demonstrations and explanations. To be effective, the assisted discovery processes would have to be within the zone of proximal development of each child (Bee and Boyd, p38. (2009) Cognitive learning is not just internal but also external. Piaget believed that developmental growth was learned in stages. Vygotsky believed that learning was a social and progressive process that did not start or stop at a certain stage or age. A child’s activity plays a key role in the way they learn. I believe that both these theories go hand in hand and that the environmental factors do influence learning behaviours. Training needs My overall aim is to become a qualified teaching assistant, for primary school aged children, which I will gain through completing this course and with the ongoing training I am receiving at work. I aim to develop a better understanding of the ways in which children learn and be more involved in the planning and preparation of lessons. Even though I am a valued member of staff, I still feel that I need to develop my relationships further with professional bodies. I feel I also need to develop my leadership skills further, in order for me to improve my effectiveness in leading pupils through a class activity.

Bulletin Boards as a Part of a Learning Environment

Bulletin Boards as a Part of a Learning Environment Best Practices dictate that you use your bulletin boards. Too often, teachers evaluate each other by how clever their bulletin boards are, especially at the beginning of the school year. Many teachers dip into their own pockets and buy bulletin boards already made, but handmade bulletin boards offer opportunities to: Display Student Work (as models of acceptable or good quality school product.)Support InstructionReinforce desired behaviors Display Student Work Posting student work offers two important impacts on classroom management: Reinforce and motivate students by recognizing their best work product.Model the sort of work that you want students to create. Star Student Work: A dedicated section of the board to post good quality work each week can help motivate students. Project Board: Project-based learning is one way to keep kids excited about learning and fully engaged. In self-contained programs, try rolling from subject to subject: after a big reading project, you start a big science project, or a big inter-subject project, like planning a house or a trip, including making budget (math,) finding a flight (research) and writing an imaginary journal (language arts.) One board could be the project board and turn over every time a new project comes up. Student of the Week: One way to support self-esteem, help students learn about each other and even to do a little public speaking is by having a student of the week. Choose them randomly rather than with any reflection of their behavior (dont decide on Monday that Johnny can no longer be the student of the week because of a bad recess.) Post their picture, a format for each child to tell about favorite foods, television shows, sports, etc. Include some of their work, or if your students portfolio fork, have them choose some papers or project they are particularly proud of. Support Learning Student Boards: Put students in charge of creating a board or boards to go with topics you are studying. Make creating the board (brainstorming, choosing what to find pictures of) a class project. You can have a few students responsible for individual boards, or you can have all students participate by doing research. Teach them how to right click on images online to save them in a file, and then show them how to insert into a Microsoft Word document to print. You will need to check your schools policy for colored output-hopefully you have access to at least one color printer. Word Walls: From kindergarten to graduation, a word wall with important words/terms to learn should be a part of regular instruction. For social studies, you may want to review new terms both as they come up and merely as you are reviewing for assessment. You can involve students in creating the board background (our first will use an undersea theme with sponge painting.) High-frequency words should also be part of word walls, especially with struggling readers. You might want to cluster words with similar endings or with the same irregularity. Interactive Boards: Boards that are puzzles or provide students with practice can be a fun way to use some wall space. A free website provides some fun ideas for interactive boards. Reinforce Desired Behavior There are many ways to reinforce positive classroom behavior. Positive Behavior Support  can include group rewards (a marble jar) awards (best speller, most improved) and homework charts. Your boards can also function to put individual students on notice, either a color chart or color-coded cards.

bzyt archtecture essays

bzyt archtecture essays The greatest of medieval civilizations was the Eastern Roman Empire. The Roman Empire was divided in 395. The Western half, ruled from Rome, was ruled by the barbarians in the 5th century. The Eastern half, known as the Byzantine Empire, lasted for more than over 1,000 years. The Byzantine Empire was one of the leading civilizations in the world. Is a mixed style composed of Graeco-Roman and Oriental elements which, The form of the church used most in the west, a the long rectangular part of the cathedral with the alter in it is supported on columns and an atrium appears in many examples of the fifth century in Byzantine. In the West this style of building occasionally presents similarities which are thought by some authorities to be of Oriental origin galleries over the side aisles, spirally channelled columns, and imposts between capitals and arches. Vaulted basilicas were made at a early date in Constantinople. The domical style, with barrel-vaulted side aisles and transepts is a favourite with the Byzantines. Many of the oldest basilicas in Asia Minor, as well as the Church of St. Irene, Constantinople, carried one or more domes. This type leads to the structure in a centralized circular, octagonal, or cross shaped plan. In ancient Roman times tombs and baths had this sort of plan. These types of buildings cannot be s een as only Byzantium, because the Romans and Oriental also used these kinds of plans. Even in Italy, the churches there were strongly influenced bu the many influences from the west and particularly from the Byzantine. In the church of St. Sophia, built by Justinian, all the principal forms of the early Christian churches are represented. A rotunda is enclosed in a square, and covered with a dome which is supported in the direction of the long axis of the building by half-domes over semicircular rounded ends of the building. In this manner a basilica, 236 feet long and 98 feet wide, and provided with domes, i...

6 Scientific Tips for Getting a Pay Raise

6 Scientific Tips for Getting a Pay Raise By being familiar with a few scientifically and psychologically based tips, you can ask for that raise with no fear, even at times when raises are not being offered. Look at What Your Position PaysIf you are being underpaid for your job description, it is not unreasonable to ask for a raise in salary. Include education and years of experience to see if you are getting paid within that range. If not, maybe it’s time to ask for a raise.Ask for a Raise In the MorningSkip your breakfast and ask for your raise in the morning. University studies show that an individual is more driven to ask for something if he or she is hungry. According to one psychologist, people are more moral in the mornings. However, wait until your boss has had his morning coffee and has gone through his morning tasks. A psychotherapist in New York suggests that if your boss is accustomed to having a drink at lunch, wait until afterward.What Days to Ask for a RaiseMondays are obviously out. Your boss is facing work that may have piled up over the weekend and has the entire week to get through. You are better off asking for a raise toward the end of the week when he may be looking forward to the weekend.Asking Toward the Weekend May Not Work for EveryoneBusinesses that operate seven days a week or where the boss is busiest in the morning may preclude asking for a raise at this time. In this case, wait until the boss is in a good mood before asking, perhaps after a business deal has been carried through successfully.Statistics Give You the Good NewsAccording to statistics compiled by Payscale, 75 percent of workers who requested a raise received an increase in pay. While 44 percent were given the amount they asked for, another 31 percent received less but were still granted a raise.What to Do if the Boss Says NoSuppose you don’t get the answer you were hoping for during your meeting with your boss. Now is perhaps the time to ask what you can do to improve your work or the reason for the refusal. However, stay polite and do not make demands. Pay attention if your boss makes suggestions and carry them out, so the next time you ask for a raise you might receive a positive response.

Pragmatics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Pragmatics - Essay Example This ability to overlook other differences to cooperate conversationally demonstrates itself in several dialogue maxims that we always adhere to. Grice contended that maxims that govern cooperative conversation are the maxims of quantity, quality, relation, and manner (Korta and Perry 2012). The maxim of quantity is the amount of knowledge that parties involved in the conversation find useful. The maxim of quality is the quality of information conveyed during the conversation and its true or false nature. The maxim of relation is how applicable the information is to the conversation. Lastly, the maxim of manner is placing the information conveyed in the clearest, shortest, and most neat way (Korta and Perry 2012). Conversational implicature is the sharp differentiation between what a person says and what he or she implies by this statement (Korta and Perry 2012). Grice theorized that one determines a person’s statement by the traditional meaning of the statement and the background processes of disambiguation and reference fitting. This means that what this person implies relates to the existence of some logical values and maxims leading the dialogue. Conversational implicature entails the common identification of implication due to the literal content of a statement, its implied meaning, its non-literal content, and unintentional

Is it Fair for Universities to Consider Race or Ethnicity as a Factor Essay - 1

Is it Fair for Universities to Consider Race or Ethnicity as a Factor in Admission - Essay Example The utilitarianism point of view and John Rawls’ perspective has been touched upon here to give an incisive look at the topic at hand. Race and ethnicity debates bring bias and prejudice to the fore within college and universities, thus committing to an unfair agenda and a feeling of being left out from gaining admission on the part of the students. One would seem to agree with the premise that race and ethnicity talks bring more negativity within the equation and are bound to pose a serious problem than anything else. This is because race and ethnicity marginally divide the people, which is an area of concern as it does not treat people on the same footing as they should be in day to day lives. It makes them feel inferior, which is not the task of a college or a university before it grants admission to the ones who are applying within its realms. Merit must always remain supreme and there cannot be any divided opinions under such a dictum. It is true that race and ethnicity bring about a general bias within the discussions of the students, and hence it would be better to understand that such colleges and universities would not be able to impart the kind of education that is remarked as a hallmark of them. One would agree that this is unfair because one cannot disallow students from gaining education based on their race and ethnicity tangents. This is a heinous act which needs to be condemned as much as possible. It will make students feel bad with regards to their race and ethnic settings and ask them to protest against the college and university realms. From the utilitarianism theory, it can be deduced that properly providing each and every student the right to secure admission is a normative activity and thus should be exercised in essence. It will maximize happiness and reduce the racial and ethnic divide which has been getting the importance unnecessarily over the years.

Marriott Hotel Ansoff matrix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marriott Hotel Ansoff matrix - Essay Example Market penetration refers to a strategy where the organization enters a new market with its existing products (Oh, 2009). Through the market penetration strategy, a company can increase consumption of existing customers through rebates or overhauling of the business (Waters, 2006). According to Reid and Bojani (2010), this strategy aims at increasing the usage and number of the present customers either by attracting new consumers those from the competitors. In order to attract new customers, Marriot Incorporation has undergone a revamp of its promotional determinations that lay emphasis on the consumers (Olmsted, 2014). The company had recognized that though they would regard themselves as one of the best brands in the world, they lacked the zeal to appease customers. Starwood’s chain of hotels, one of Marriot’s rivals, challenged Marriot to look for the younger people in order to increase its market share and customers. Marriot hotels have in the past few years concent rated on offering their brand online to customers who like surfing all day. The company has a blog called â€Å"Marriot on the move† that accommodates people online (Marriott News Center, 2014). This blog has become an outstanding channel of providing entertaining stories and news on the company’s present, past and future prospects. This blog has gained a huge audience through the high number of followers in social media. As with other industries, user-targeted content is particularly vital in hospitality. Organizations that do not take advantage of the use of social media in the present age may miss out on a cheap platform that allows the company to interact directly with the clients (Bhttarai, 2014). In this regard, Marriot Incorporation has successfully expanded its operations across the world through revamping the organization to target new customers and

Midterm Business and Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Midterm Business and Philosophy - Essay Example s precept is considered to be the main basis of most business ethics in regards to the various interactions that may occur with the customers, stakeholders, members of the community, minority shareholders or the employees (Dani, 74). The label â€Å"golden† was first applied to the rule by the Chinese philosopher Confucius (551-479 B.C.). Various other similar formulations of this maxims are to be found at the centre of Taoism, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism and some of the rest of the world’s major religions. As the American philosopher Marcus G. Singer, correctly deduced; the Golden Rule happens to be a principle of rather great antiquity. It is seen to have played a key role in establishing moral teachings in nearly all religions and cultures and presently continues to play a significant role in our moral education. More importantly is the point that has been put forth by Augustine and some of the other philosophers that the Golden Rule is not only key in the setting of limitations for our actions, but also it help in encouraging us to promote the interests of other people above those of ourselves (Dani, 74). Although it is considerably one of the oldest and best maxims to practice, the Golden Rule in some cases might not necessarily be the best standard in the management of people in business. It has been found that what one employee might find valuable and highly appreciate, another employee might absolutely despise. According to Zimbardo and Weber, This can be attributed to the fact that preferences in life are highly individualized and learned. These variances include how individuals prefer to be treated by their supervisors. The incorrect tendency for people to assume that other persons happen to share the same behaviour, feelings and opinions as they do is referred to by social psychologists as false consensus effect. This tendency is considered to be a fundamental bias that affects how people happen to think as concerning others (McLean

A Characteristics Analysis of Scarlett Letter Defying on Major Essay

A Characteristics Analysis of Scarlett Letter Defying on Major Characters - Essay Example Hawthorne as a moralist defines the novel an investigative journey of human decency. While also as a determinist and skeptic thinker of human psychology some romanticism somehow presents the novel is a notable one of its own kind of interpersonal conflict by the nature of relationship and chemistry of different choices of intimated looks. Hawthorne, not apprehensive with the causes of committed sin, seems to overlook the outcomes of practicing so. For Hawthorne, sin has a conditional perspective by an individual’s strength of feelings in the way of life he has to go. By his view, an individual should only feel guiltiness when he acts against the creator, nature morally and subjected to the highly exercised social code or general standards of morality. Indeed all the three main characters –Hester, Dimmesdale and Pearls- in Hawthorne’s â€Å"Scarlet Letter† are characterized with the psychological schisms that are based on the perception of their sin. Contra st between Hester’s and Puritan View of Sin and Adultery Unlike Dimmesdale, Hester is an evil in the society’s eye. Though Hester has been abandoned by the society because of her adultery, she never perceives her adultery as an offense against God. She consciously avoids such feeling of being isolated from creator as she believes her disloyal act not a typical sin against the creator. Hester Prynne is treated by the society of the time as a great sinner, an outcast an object of ridicule and contempt. This attitude of society makes her feel that the scarlet letter â€Å"A† is burning on her bosom. In all her intercourse with society there is nothing to give her the feeling that she belongs to it. She awakens only horror and repugnance in the minds of the townsfolk whose words of scorn and hatred often fall upon her â€Å"like a rough blow upon an ulcerated wound† (Hawthorne, 2005, p. 45). When strangers look curiously at the scarlet letter, â€Å"they bra nded it afresh into Hester’s soul† while â€Å"an accustomed eye had like wish its own anguish to inflict.† (Hawthorne, 2005, p. 67) It is extremely painful for the readers to read about the way Hester Prynne is treated by this puritanical society and there is no doubt that Hawthorne’s own sympathies are on the side of Hester. The attitudes of even the leading citizens like Governor Bellingham and the Reverend Mr. john Wilson, towards Hester’s guilt show patriachy. Hester possesses the distinctive womanly virtues such as passionate devotions of a wife and a mother. After she gets her sentence she remains physically meek. But mentally she remains defiant. Due to the pressure of the puritan society, she gradually moves away from a woman’s natural sphere. She does not accept adultery as a sin but she does accept it to be a violation of social norms and customs. She comprehends that Pearl’s existence is the violation of a great law but she continues to be submissive to that law but defiant to the society. She is still at odds with society when she suggests flight with Dimmesdale. Even at the time of the minister’s public confession, she hopes that she and Dimmesdale will be united in the next world. After the death of Dimmesdale, she has to start a new life. But she must learn about the impropriety of her past thinking, Mathews (1957) says, â€Å"But she must recognize the unsoundness of her past thinking and make inner expiation† (p. 282). In her humble cottage she takes the proper place of women, with a natural compassion and love for those who need her. Dichotomy in Arthur Dimmesdale’s Character Though Dimmesdale occupies a reverend position in the Boston society,

American History Symbolism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

American History Symbolism - Essay Example Republicanism, a political philosophy which will be defined further, is, in history, a long tradition of writings which express common concerns about â€Å"the importance of civic virtue and political participation, the dangers of corruption, the benefits of a mixed constitution and the rule of law, etc† (Lovett). Combining the two concepts, a symbol of republicanism is an object which stands for or suggests the ideals of historic republicanism—values of liberty, individual rights, rule of law, and so on—by reason of relationship, association, convention, and so on. In early America, the symbolism was needed to retain loyalty to the ideals which caused the colonists to fight the tyrannical rule of the King; such a symbol would need to remind these individuals of the momentous nature of their endeavor. To do this, the symbol should draw a direct connection between this endeavor and the glorious histories of the greatest civilizations of mankind, bypassing the ages of Darkness and ushering in the Enlightenment. First of all, however, it may be instructive to explore the history of republicanism in order to define it: to contrast both classical and modern versions of the philosophy. In Ancient Rome, the Roman Republic existed from 508 B.C. to 27 B.C., when the government was structured by a complex constitution, forming a mixture of three types of government. It was only during the Enlightenment that we see the strong emphasis on civic virtue and the common good (Lovett).

A Characteristics Analysis of Scarlett Letter Defying on Major Essay

A Characteristics Analysis of Scarlett Letter Defying on Major Characters - Essay Example Hawthorne as a moralist defines the novel an investigative journey of human decency. While also as a determinist and skeptic thinker of human psychology some romanticism somehow presents the novel is a notable one of its own kind of interpersonal conflict by the nature of relationship and chemistry of different choices of intimated looks. Hawthorne, not apprehensive with the causes of committed sin, seems to overlook the outcomes of practicing so. For Hawthorne, sin has a conditional perspective by an individual’s strength of feelings in the way of life he has to go. By his view, an individual should only feel guiltiness when he acts against the creator, nature morally and subjected to the highly exercised social code or general standards of morality. Indeed all the three main characters –Hester, Dimmesdale and Pearls- in Hawthorne’s â€Å"Scarlet Letter† are characterized with the psychological schisms that are based on the perception of their sin. Contra st between Hester’s and Puritan View of Sin and Adultery Unlike Dimmesdale, Hester is an evil in the society’s eye. Though Hester has been abandoned by the society because of her adultery, she never perceives her adultery as an offense against God. She consciously avoids such feeling of being isolated from creator as she believes her disloyal act not a typical sin against the creator. Hester Prynne is treated by the society of the time as a great sinner, an outcast an object of ridicule and contempt. This attitude of society makes her feel that the scarlet letter â€Å"A† is burning on her bosom. In all her intercourse with society there is nothing to give her the feeling that she belongs to it. She awakens only horror and repugnance in the minds of the townsfolk whose words of scorn and hatred often fall upon her â€Å"like a rough blow upon an ulcerated wound† (Hawthorne, 2005, p. 45). When strangers look curiously at the scarlet letter, â€Å"they bra nded it afresh into Hester’s soul† while â€Å"an accustomed eye had like wish its own anguish to inflict.† (Hawthorne, 2005, p. 67) It is extremely painful for the readers to read about the way Hester Prynne is treated by this puritanical society and there is no doubt that Hawthorne’s own sympathies are on the side of Hester. The attitudes of even the leading citizens like Governor Bellingham and the Reverend Mr. john Wilson, towards Hester’s guilt show patriachy. Hester possesses the distinctive womanly virtues such as passionate devotions of a wife and a mother. After she gets her sentence she remains physically meek. But mentally she remains defiant. Due to the pressure of the puritan society, she gradually moves away from a woman’s natural sphere. She does not accept adultery as a sin but she does accept it to be a violation of social norms and customs. She comprehends that Pearl’s existence is the violation of a great law but she continues to be submissive to that law but defiant to the society. She is still at odds with society when she suggests flight with Dimmesdale. Even at the time of the minister’s public confession, she hopes that she and Dimmesdale will be united in the next world. After the death of Dimmesdale, she has to start a new life. But she must learn about the impropriety of her past thinking, Mathews (1957) says, â€Å"But she must recognize the unsoundness of her past thinking and make inner expiation† (p. 282). In her humble cottage she takes the proper place of women, with a natural compassion and love for those who need her. Dichotomy in Arthur Dimmesdale’s Character Though Dimmesdale occupies a reverend position in the Boston society,

National governments and international institutions in relation to Essay

National governments and international institutions in relation to policy on international trade - Essay Example These relations depend on the country a particular business person is importing from or exporting to (Carbaugh, 2004). Countries such as the United States of America are known to enforce some of these policies on imports and exports. Their primary aim is to favor the business people. The same case applies to the United Kingdom. Their import duty rates are reduced to almost nil courtesy of the implemented government policies (Fujita, 1999). The procedure of importing and exporting of goods was also made less complicated. There is known to be high-level trade between countries. Hence, trading tariffs are significantly reduced. Most global business people and corporations feel highly considered since they can sell internationally without any transaction issues. Several national governments have provided open-border options to ease trade across countries that share borders. This policy involves allowing people from neighboring countries to go across borders without having to produce the usual strictly scrutinized legal papers that allow them into other countries. This case of international business growth can be seen in the East African Community (Grimwade, 2000). This regional community is one that allows a business to take place across borders of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. The kind of trade that takes place between these three nations involves the sale or agricultural produce and raw materials. Fresh vegetables and grain are usually sold at standardized prices across these borders, making it one of the most successful interactions in these region in terms of business. Mineral are also traded across these borders. The kind of business that is promoted by this policy is not that of overseas shipping of goods. It is rather a simple way of easing transactions taking place between business people of different countries without many hindrances. The elimination of the borders in terms of

Incest Abuse: Effects And Prevention On Children

Incest Abuse: Effects And Prevention On Children Incest abuse is an issue that is prevalent among family members including children. There are various short-term and long-term effects that children encounter throughout and after their abusive experience. These effects are extremely traumatic and cause stressors for children and within families. Incest can occur between any two family members regardless of age and gender. There has been a lot of research that has been conducted regarding incest, but it is often difficult to draw conclusions from research. This is because of vague definitions and unclear restrictions and guidelines. With everything considered, prevention is the most important step that society can take to try to reduce the number of incest cases. Incest is a horrifying and tragic issue between family members typically involving one person of higher power and one of lesser power. In addition, it is extremely traumatic for children that do not know any different or that are still too young and naÃÆ' ¯ve to understand what is going on. This topic is extremely important in the fact that more research needs to be gathered to understand why this is occurring within the family. This issue is more prevalent that many people realize. Therefore this paper is going to discuss issues relating to incest and sexual child abuse within families. It will include research and studies that relate to family incest and abuse. The paper will cover an analysis of research that has been conducted on the relating topic of incest including short term and long-term effects of incest. There are many different forms of incest, but extensive research findings have only been implemented on a few of the forms. There are also factors such as certain age ranges and gender that are more likely to encounter incest abuse. As more research is being conducted regarding incest and abuse, there also needs to be more prevention implementation. Research is important because it allows researchers to find the reasons and causes of why this is happening. However, this issue of incest will not go away without some sort of prevention tactic. Prevention is an extremely important method to help reduce the prevalence of incest and abuse within families. Incest can be a stressor and traumatic event that often causes short term and long-term effects on victimized children. There are issues such as chemical dependence, mental illness, and numerous psychosocial stressors that these victims can encounter (Courtois, 1997). In addition, the family can face disturbances within relationships and dynamics (Courtois, 1997). These issues include parental discord and immaturity, parent-child role reversals and triangulation, boundary violations, double-bind communications, and entrenched patterns of denial, secrecy and rigidity (Courtois, 1997). These are just a few of the effects that incest can produce among families. Short-term effects of incest consists of, those effects that the victim experiences or displays during and/or immediately after the incest and/or its disclosure (the most consistent include emotional) (Vander Mey Neff, 1986, p. 67). The victim can display a variety of emotions and feelings that are typically associated with short-term effects. These can include shame, guilt, fear, anger, in addition to feelings of being trapped, used, confused, betrayed, and humiliated (Vander Mey Neff, 1986, p. 67). Not every victim will experience these short-term effects, but most often victims will experience one these emotional effects from incest abuse. On the contrary, Long-term consequences for the victim are those behaviors, attitudes, or opinions that the victim has or displays years after the incident(s) of incest: effects that are due directly or indirectly to the incest (Vander Mey Neff, 1986, p. 67). These effects go beyond emotional issues; they extend to larger deviant, antisocial, and/or illegal behavioral effects of the victims (Vander Mey Neff, 1986, p. 67). Often times these behaviors include one or more of the following: promiscuity, inability to assume a wife/mother role, alcoholism, drug abuse, prostitution sexual dysfunctioning, delinquency, depression and suicide (Vander Mey Neff, 1986, p. 67). There seem to be many negative effects on children involved in incest abuse. There is also much controversy among research regarding the effects on the victims. There appears to be no definite absolute answers that tell us exactly what will happen to a child who is the victim of incest abuse. However, there is enough consistent data to conclude that incest is a major risk factor for a variety of serious aftereffects (Courtois, 1997). The studies done in regards of victim effects seem to display a fairly strong variety of possible outcomes. As there is no definite solution to effects of children who experience incest abuse, there is a range of common potential results. There seemed to be little or no research regarding the lasting effects of the long-term consequences among victims. However, there was an overall consensus between research studies that each child is an individual and no two cases/situations are the same, and no two victims will walk away the same. Within a family, each individual takes on different roles. There are common roles that characterize a perpetrator of incest. The most common is the authoritarian father who has absolute authority over the entire family (struggle of a power imbalance) (Blume, 1990, p. 34). In this situation the rest of his family fears the father (Blume, 1990, p. 34). He displays control and power and his wife and kids are on a constant guard trying to never upset him (Blume, 1990, p. 34). The father takes advantage of the power he has by sexually abusing his child(ren) and possibly his wife as well. There is also another type of father that is referred to as the timid father (Blume, 1990, p. 34). This dad is not able to stand up to another adult and express his feelings and is often considerd a push-over (Blume, 1990, p. 35). Since he seems to have no control within the family, he seeks his control elsewhere by sexually abusing a son or daughter of his. There are many people who say that victims of child abuse will grow up to become abusers. However, Blume (1990) states that, One is responsible for ones adult acts; ones past does not cause one to do violence to another (p. 37). In addition, if it were true that these victims of abuse turn into abusers, then shouldnt there be more women as perpetrators since women are more likely be seen as the victims? However, this is not the case because most incest survivors are female, and David Finkelhor says, there is a male monopoly on child molesting (Blume, 1990, p. 37). It is important to remember that young girls are not the only victims of incest and that fathers are not the only perpetrators either. Perpetrators can include mothers, brothers, sisters, and extended family (Sloan Porter 1984). Similarly, victims can consist of sons, daughters, cousins, etc (Sloan Porter, 1984). There may be more prevalence in certain situations, but incest is incest no matter who the victim is or who the perpetrator is. Researches have said that it is very difficult to accumulate research on the issue of incest. There are a variety of reasons for this with the foremost reason being defining incest (Blume, 1990, p. 26). There is no one definition of incest; there are various views on what constitutes as incest. Some are more restrictive than others. For example, some include touch as incest abuse, and others include step-parents/siblings as perpetrators of incest abuse. (Blume, 1990, p. 27). In addition, some say that any age under eighteen years old constitutes as incest abuse; however, there are other researchers other things (Blume, 1990, p. 27). Prevention is the key to diminishing this issue. Just as it is important to have treatment centers and therapy for those who have experienced incest abuse, it is also important to implement preventative measures. Sloan and Porter discuss a prevention plan that was created and implemented by community health nurses into a public school. First, there was an emphasis on the importance that children are aware that teachers and school administrators are available to discuss nonacademic problems (Sloan Porter, 1984). Second, the focus was to present as much information as possible to the children without frightening those who had not had these kinds of experiences (Sloan Porter, 1984). Third, the community health nurses wanted to provide children with a problem solving technique that could be used in a number of situations (Sloan Porter, 1984). There was success in this program in the fact that they were able to present intense information to young kids without frightening or creating anxiety for them (Sloan Porter, 1984). There were also only positive comments received from teachers and school officials (Sloan Porter, 1984). However, the positive feedback that was received was only obtained through school administration and community health nurses who worked together to achieve their goal (Sloan Porter, 1984). As this study seems very encouraging, there needs to be more aspects that are examined in order to determine the actual effects of the program. It is great that this particular program focused on children because it allows them to understand what incest and abuse is about, but there also needs to be a program that helps the adults as well. The studies and information presented has, for the most part, seemed to follow in the same direction and correlate with each other. There is the basic overall conclusion of the idea that incest abuse is more prevalent than many people think and that prevention is the key to reducing the issue. All of the studies seemed to express how difficult incest research is due to various factors. These factors covered a wide range, while some research focused on victims lack of report and others emphasized the definition of incest. The overall research seems to highlight the extremely sad situations and traumatic experiences that victimized children encounter. There are many short-term and long-term effects that children can experience due to incest abuse. The implications that are drawn from these issues is that there needs to be not only therapy for victims, but also prevention programs implemented to help decrease the issue of incest. Profielwerkstuk terrorisme: Westerse wereld Islamitische wereld Profielwerkstuk terrorisme: Westerse wereld Islamitische wereld Inleiding: Het eind van vorig schooljaar stond in het teken van het zoeken van een onderwerp voor het profielwerkstuk. Al snel kwam ik tot de conclusie dat terrorisme mijn onderwerp zou worden. De belangstelling voor het fenomeen terrorisme leeft over de hele wereld. Een recenter onderwerp bestaat bijna niet. Na de terroristische aanslagen op Amerika, Spanje, Engeland en zelfs ons eigen land is deze belangstelling alleen maar toegenomen. Dit vond ik interessant en besloot ik mijn profielwerkstuk over terrorisme te houden. Maar hoe ga ik mijn onderzoek uitvoeren? Terrorisme is een heel breed onderwerp. Dus moest ik bepalen waartoe ik mijn onderwerp ging beperken. Terrorisme is iets van alle tijden. In eerste instantie is het gericht tegen het gevestigde bemind daaronder verstaan we de koning of president. Later ook tegen de overheid (revolutie, burgeroorlog, guerrilla). Maar wat nieuw is in de 2e helft van de 20e eeuw is dat terroristische groepen zich heel modern gaan organiseren dan hebben we het over de modernste wapens en de nieuwste en beste communicatie apparatuur. Door het nieuws te kijken, de krant te lezen en informatie van internet te halen heb ik mijzelf georià «nteerd. Vervolgens besloten om de ontwikkeling in het terrorisme tegen de Westerse wereld centraal te stellen. Onder de Westerse wereld verstaan wij de VS, West-Europa en Australià «. Ook beschouwen we Israà «l deels tot de Westerse wereld, dit land wordt namelijk gesteund door de Westerse wereld. Ik ben tot de volgende hoofdvraag en deelvragen gekomen: Hoofdvraag: Wat is de belangrijkste ontwikkeling in het terrorisme tegen de Westerse wereld? Deelvragen: Wat zijn de belangrijkste Islamitische terroristische gebeurtenissen geweest vanaf Mà ¼nchen 72? Wat is de kern van het conflict tussen de Westerse wereld en de Islamitische wereld? Wat is er gedaan aan de bestrijding van terrorisme sinds 11-09-01? In welke richting moeten we de oplossing voor terrorisme bestrijding zoeken? De hoofdvraag wilde ik helder houden, maar tegelijkertijd wilde ik ook de mogelijk hebben om hem uitgebreid te behandelen. Bij de deelvragen wilde ik meer over de geschiedenis van terrorisme te weten komen, maar dan heb ik het beperkt tot de afgelopen 38 jaar. Verder was ik ook erg genteresseerd in wat nou eigenlijk de kern van het conflict is tussen de Verenigde Staten en de westerse wereld. En ook de bestrijding van terrorisme wilde ik aan bod laten komen in dit profielwerkstuk. Vandaar deelvraag twee en drie. Tenslotte leek het mij ook een goed idee om een probleemstellende vierde deelvraag te maken zodat ik daarin ook nog een stukje eigen mening kon geven. Daardoor werd het ook mogelijk om mijn eigen visie naar voren te laten komen. Veel leesplezier! Voorkennis Voordat je begint met het lezen van mijn profielwerkstuk is het misschien handig om eerst even uit te leggen wat terrorisme nou eigenlijk is. Terrorisme is het uit ideologische motieven dreigen met, voorbereiden of plegen van op mensen gericht ernstig geweld, dan wel daden gericht op het aanrichten van maatschappij-ontwrichtende zaakschade, met als doel maatschappelijke veranderingen te bewerkstelligen, de bevolking ernstige vrees aan te jagen of politieke besluitvorming te benvloeden. Nederland hanteert bij de bestrijding van terrorisme een zogenoemde brede benadering. Niet alleen de geweldsdaden zelf aanpakken, maar ook het traject dat vooraf gaat aan deze daden. Deze definitie is wettelijk vastgesteld. Het komt erop neer dat onschuldige burgers het slachtoffer zijn van terreuracties. *http://www.nctb.nl/onderwerpen/wat_is_terrorisme/ Het is moeilijk om het begrip terrorisme goed te duiden want wat voor slachtoffer(s) een ongerechtvaardigde aanslag is wordt door de dader vaak gezien als een gerechtvaardigde actie. Terreuracties vinden meestal plaats in situaties die door de plegers van daad van legitiem verzet of van principià «le uiting wordt gezien. Wat voor de à ©Ãƒ ©n een terrorist is, is voor de ander een vrijheidsstrijder. Bij terroristische acties worden onschuldige burgers betrokken. Het kan gaan om à ©Ãƒ ©n of een paar onschuldige burgers, maar soms ook om tientallen,honderden, of misschien wel duizenden onschuldige burgers. In de 2e wereld oorlog werden tegen de Duitse bezetters wel aanslagen beraamd; dat waren geen terroristische acties maar verzetsdaden tegen de bezetter. Individualisme en collectivisme zijn 2 belangrijke begrippen voor het verschil tussen de westerse wereld en de Islamitische wereld het zijn 2 uitersten. Vrijheidsstrijders in het Westen treden vaak in organisaties op, zoals de IRA in Noord Ierland en de ETA in Spanje. Radicale moslimfundamentalisten plegen soms in hun eentje een terroristische aanslag; soms met inzet van hun eigen leven. Die laatste vorm van terrorisme is nogal nieuw in de geschiedenis. Hoofdstuk 1 Wat zijn de belangrijkste Islamitische terroristische gebeurtenissen geweest vanaf Mà ¼nchen 72? De hele wereld zat aan de buis gekluisterd. 11 september 2001. Een datum die bij iedereen in zijn geheugen staat gegrift als een dag vol haat en verdriet. De wereld heeft natuurlijk al langer te maken met terrorisme maar 11 september 2001 kan wel als terroristisch hoogtepunt, of liever gezegd dieptepunt, worden gezien. Deze dag was voor George W. Bush (toenmalige president van de Verenigde Staten) ook de aanleiding om terrorisme de oorlog te verklaren. Om even terug in de tijd te gaan. Bijna 38 jaar geleden, 5 september 1972. Ook deze dag zit een groot deel van de wereld vol ongeloof naar de tv te kijken. Een gijzelingsdrama tijdens de Olympische spelen in Mà ¼nchen. Ook deze dag is niet het officià «le begin van het terrorisme, dit is eigenlijk al vele jaren bezig, maar 5 september 1972 wordt door veel mensen wel als een soort startsein gezien. Nu is het menens, het was duidelijk dat na vandaag er nog veel aanslagen over en weer zouden volgen en dat wereld vanaf nu onafscheidelijk verbonden zal zijn met terrorisme. Omdat zon groot wereldwijd evenement als de Olympische spelen werd uitgekozen werd het duidelijk dat de gevoerde strijd tussen Israà «lià «rs en Palestijnen nu wel eens een wereldwijde strijd zou kunnen gaan worden. De strijd tussen Israà «lià «rs en Palestijnen is al lang bezig. Al aan het einde van de 19e eeuw zijn er veel joden die streven naar een onafhankelijke staat in Palestina als uitweg voor de onderdrukkingen in Europa. In de jaren zullen er nog veel Joden volgen, vanaf 1930 vluchtten er bijvoorbeeld veel joden naar Palestina vanwege het antisemitisme in Duitsland. Tussen 1936 en 1939 vindt de Grote Opstand plaats. Dit is een opstand van Arabieren die protesteren tegen de Joodse immigratie. De Britten die op dat moment de macht hebben in Palestina treffen strenge maatregelen wat betreft de immigratie, maar dit leidt alleen maar tot meer conflicten met de joods-palestijnse bevolking. Na de Tweede Wereldoorlog, in 1947, stemt de Algemene vergadering van de Verenigde Naties in met een plan van de Britten om Palestina in twee delen te verdelen. De joden accepteren dit besluit, maar de Arabieren absoluut niet. Er volgt onmiddellijk een burgeroorlog tussen de Joden en Palestijnen. De joden slagen er in om met geweld een groot deel van de Arabische bevolking te verdrijven en op 14 mei 1948 roept David Ben-Gurion de staat Israà «l uit. Een dag later vallen ruim 30.000 Arabieren uit verschillende Arabische landen de nieuwe staat in en de Israà «lische Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog (ook wel de Arabisch-Israà «lische Oorlog van 1948 genoemd) volgt. Vanaf dan zullen de conflicten tussen de Israà «lià «rs e n Palestijnen doorzetten tot op de dag van vandaag. In dit hoofdstuk zullen verder de belangrijkste Islamitische terroristische gebeurtenissen vanaf Mà ¼nchen 1972 worden besproken. Dit was een dag waarop bij de strijd tussen de Israà «liers en Palestijnen de wereld werd betrokken. Wat eerst een conflict was tussen twee volken werd nu een conflict op wereldwijd niveau. Vooral door de steun die de Verenigde Staten geeft aan Israà «l breidt het conflict zich uit. Terrorisme is natuurlijk niet iets van de laatste jaren maar het is onmogelijk alle gebeurtenissen van de afgelopen eeuwen te betrekken in dit hoofdstuk. Daarom heb ik gekozen voor een periode van ongeveer 35 jaar. Op deze manier kunnen kan ik een beter gedetailleerd beeld geven en ook duidelijk de verschillen en overeenkomsten tussen de aanslagen uitlichten. Reacties van verschillende partijen zullen ook worden toegelicht. Mà ¼nchen 1972: Het was de bedoeling om van de Olympische Zomerspelen 1972 vooral vrolijke spelen te maken. Op deze manier probeerde Duitsland de dubieuze spelen van 1936 in Duitland waarin Adolf Hitler zijn fascistische ideologie probeerde uit te dragen, te vergeten. Maar vrolijk werden de spelen zeker niet. Op 5 september vallen Palestijnse terroristen van de organisatie Zwarte September het onderkomen van een aantal Israà «lische atleten binnen. Twee leden van het Israà «lisch Olympische team worden hierbij direct vermoord en 9 andere werden gegijzeld. Na lang onderhandelen wordt duidelijk wat de eis van de Palestijnse terroristen is. Het vrijlaten van 234 Arabische gevangenen. Daarbij willen ze een vrije aftocht en een vliegtuig tot hun beschikking. Golda Meir, de premier van Israà «l laat via de Bondskanselier van Duitsland, Willy Brandt, weten dat zij onder geen enkele voorwaarde onderhandelt met terroristen. Het hoofd van de politie van Mà ¼nchen, Manfred Schreiber, beslu it vervolgens dat er dan een reddingsoperatie, zonodig met geweld, moet volgen. Er volgt op zijn bevel een reddingsoperatie op het vliegveld, maar die mislukt. Er waren pantserwagens onderweg om de gijzelaars van het vliegveld af te voeren, maar omdat een groot deel van de mensen die de gebeurtenissen op tv heeft gevolgd massaal naar het vliegveld gaan, is het onmogelijk voor de pantserwagens om het vliegveld te bereiken. Verder waren er op het dak scherpschutters gestationeerd maar toen zij het vuur openden, ging er van alles mis. De meeste terroristen konden op tijd dekking zoeken en als reactie op de scherpschutters gooit à ©Ãƒ ©n van de terroristen een handgranaat in de eerste helikopter met gegijzelden en een andere terrorist begint te schieten op de tweede helikopter waardoor vervolgens alle 9 gegijzelden overlijden. Als reactie op 5 september 1972, volgen er in de tijd erna heel wat terroristische aanslagen over en weer. Eind Oktober 1972 bijvoorbeeld al, als de leden van de Zwarte September beweging een vliegtuig kapen van de Duitse luchtvaartmaatschappij Lufthansa met als eis om 3 terroristen vrij te laten. Onder zwaar protest van Israà «l gaat Duitsland hierop in. Als reactie op deze kaping bombardeert Israà «l vervolgens vier Palestijnse trainingskampen bij Damascus. In principe is dit een strijd tussen Israà «lià «rs en Palestijnen. Bomaanslagen op scholen in Israà «l of gegijzelden Palestijnen zijn het gesprek van de dag. Er is sprake van een soort patroon want beide partijen reageren op elkaars aanslagen door er vervolgens zelf een te plegen. Ook Frankrijk wordt deels in de strijd betrokken want er volgen in de jaren na 1972 verschillende bomaanslagen in Frankrijk, gepleegd door Islamitische groeperingen. Opvallend is hoe weinig de Verenigde Staten worden betrokken bij deze strijd. Op 8 september 1974 vind er wel een bomaanslag plaats op een vliegtuig van TWA (Trans World Airlines, een Amerikaanse luchtvaartmaatschappij) met als eindbestemming JFK International Airport. Op deze bomaanslag volgt echter geen directe reactie of volgende aanslag. Deze bomaanslag is mogelijk een reactie van de Palestijnen op de steun van de Amerikanen aan Israà «l. Een persoon die bij vrijwel de meeste van Palestijns afkomstige aanslagen is betrokken, is de Palestijnse terrorist Aboe Nidal (1937 2002). Hij was toentertijd à ©Ãƒ ©n van de meest gezochte en gevreesde Palestijnse terroristen ter wereld en wordt verantwoordelijk gehouden voor 90 aanslagen in 20 verschillende landen. Aanslag op Amerikaanse marinebasis: Op 23 oktober 1983 wordt er een bomaanslag gepleegd op het hoofdkwartier van de Amerikaanse mariniers bij het vliegveld van Beiroet. De aanslag wordt even later opgeà «ist door Sjiitische extremisten. Er komen in totaal 241 Amerikanen om het leven. De explosieve lagen vermoedelijk in een vrachtwagen, die door Sjiitische extremisten bestuurd werd. Er raakten bovenop de 241 doden ook nog 80 mensen gewond en er was ook grote materià «le schade. De mariniers waren in Beiroet omdat ze daar heen waren gestuurd door president Reagan om te helpen bij het beà «indigen van de burgeroorlog. Later op die dag volgde er ook een bomaanslag op het hoofdkwartier van Franse parachutisten. Er komen bij deze aanslag 58 Franse soldaten om het leven. Deze aanslag wordt opgeà «ist door dezelfde Sjiitische extremistische groep. Boeing wordt gekaapt: Op 14 juni 1985 wordt er een Boeing 727 van TWA met 153 inzittenden door Sjiitische extremisten gekaapt. Het vliegtuig wordt gedwongen om naar Beiroet te vliegen waar zij 39 Amerikanen gegijzeld houden. Het doel van de kaping en gijzeling is de invrijheidstelling van 700 Arabieren door Israà «l. De gijzeling duurt tot 1 juli en in die tijd blijven alle gijzelaars in leven, behalve à ©Ãƒ ©n, de Amerikaanse marinier Robert Stretham, hij wordt terplekke geà «xecuteerd. Israà «l geeft toe aan de eisen waardoor vervolgens het vliegtuig wordt teruggevlogen naar het vliegveld van Frankfurt en de gijzelaars vrij worden gelaten. De Lockerbie ramp: Op 21 december 1988 vind er een terroristische aanslag plaats in een Boeing 747 van de Amerikaanse luchtvaartmaatschappij Pan Am. Het vliegtuig was vanuit Frankfurt op weg naar New York en had net een tussenlanding gemaakt in Londen. Rond 7 uur s avonds verdwijnt het vliegtuig van de radar. Het bevind zich dan nog op 10 kilometer hoogte boven het Schotse Lockerbie. Even later vind er een explosie plaats in het bagageruim waardoor het vliegtuig volledig uiteen wordt gescheurd. Een deel van het vliegtuig komt neer in een woonwijk waardoor behalve alle 259 inzittenden ook 11 mensen op de grond om het leven komen. Uit het Schotse onderzoek wat volgt komt als eerste naar voren dat deze aanslag een reactie was op 3 juli 1988 waarbij de VS een Iraans burgervliegtuig zouden hebben beschoten met als gevolg dat alle 290 inzittenden daaruit omkwamen. Dit spoor loopt uiteindelijk echter dood en na verder onderzoek wordt er gewezen op twee Libische geheim agenten, Abdel Basset Ali Mohammed el-Megrahi en Al-Amin Khalifa Fhima. Zij zouden er voor hebben gezorgd dat de koffer waarin de bom zat aan boord was gekomen en dus de explosie hebben veroorzaakt. Zij zouden dit hebben gedaan omdat zij bepaalde Libische gevangenen vrij zouden willen krijgen. Rijtje huizen in LockerbieDe Verenigde Staten houden ook Libià « verantwoordelijk, maar volgens hen was deze aanslag een vergeldingsactie omdat de dochter van de Libische leider Muammar Ghadaffi bij een Amerikaans vergeldingsbombardement op Tripoli (hoofdstad van Libià «) om het leven was gekomen. Het Amerikaans vergeldingsbombardement had plaatsgevonden omdat zij Libià « verantwoordelijk hielden voor een aanslag op een disco in West-Berlijn in 1986. De aanslag boven Lockerbie was volgens hen dus uit wraak van Muammar Ghadaffi gepleegd. In augustus 2003 erkende de Libische regering de verantwoordelijkheid voor de aanslag boven Lockerbie en gaf daarbij toe bereid te zijn om een schadevergoeding te betalen aan de nabestaanden. 11 september 2001: De dag begon voor al die duizenden werkende mensen als elke andere dag. Niemand had aan zien komen dat vandaag de wereld wel eens zou kunnen veranderen. Toch gebeurde het en zorgde wereldwijd dan ook voor ontzettend veel ophef en ongeloof. Om kwart voor negen s ochtends lokale tijd begon het allemaal. Het eerste vliegtuig, een passagiersvliegtuig van American Airlines, vliegt in het bovenste deel van de noordelijke WTC toren. Omdat het vliegtuig pas kort daarvoor was opgestegen zaten de tanks nog vol kerosine en volgde er een gigantische explosie. Om 5 minuten over 9 volgde het tweede vliegtuig, een vlucht van United Airlines, die zich in de zuidelijke toren boord. Een paar uur later storten beide torens volledig in en alle mensen die op dat moment nog in het gebouw aanwezig zijn komen om het leven, net zoals 349 brandweermannen en 62 mensen van de politie. Een half uur nadat het tweede vliegtuig in de zuidelijke toren was gevlogen, boord er een vliegtuig, tevens een vlucht van American Airlines, in het Pentagon, het Amerikaanse ministerie van Defensie in Washington D.C. Ook een vierde vliegtuig werd die ochtend gekaapt. Dit stortte echter neer in een veld net buiten Pittsburg. De FBI heeft kunnen aantonen uit de transcriptie van geheime opnames uit de cockpit dat à ©Ãƒ ©n van de kapers de piloot verplichtte het vliegtuig te laten neerstortten om daarmee te voorkomen dat de passagiers verder zouden gaan met het vliegtuig heroveren. Er is aangenomen dat het doel van de kapers in eerste instantie was om met dit vliegtuig een aanslag op het Capitool of het Witte Huis te plegen. Tijdens de kapingen hebben passagiers door middel van hun mobiele telefoon aan bekenden informatie over de kapers weten door te spelen waardoor op 12 september 2001 door de FBI een lijst naar boven kwam met de vermoedelijke kapers. Osama bin Laden, à ©Ãƒ ©n van de leiders van Al Qaida, wordt vanaf het begin verantwoordelijk gehouden voor de aanslagen op 11 september. Verschillende onderzoeken wezen in zijn richting. Onder andere een videoboodschap waarin Osama bin Laden gezegd zou hebben dat de aanslagen beter zijn verlopen dan hij had verwacht. Een tijdje na de aanslagen vraagt de VS aan Afghanistan om te uitlevering van bin Laden aan de VS. Nadat de VS een ultimatum stelde kwamen honderden leden van de Taliban bij elkaar en verzochten zij bin Laden om uit Afghanistan te vertrekken want zij wensten te onderhandelen met de VS. De VS ging daar echter niet op in en Osama bin Laden liet weten dat hij zich alleen zou laten berechten in een Islamitisch land. Hij erkende dus, zonder het letterlijk te zeggen, zijn verantwoordelijkheid voor de aanslagen. Later liet bin Laden via een videoboodschap weten dat er een jihad (betekent in het Islamitisch: strijd) van alle Moslims zal komen tegen het zionisme en de kruistochten en ook tegen de Verenigde Staten. 11 maart 2004: In de ochtend van 11 maart vinden er in vier verschillende forenstreinen in Madrid bomaanslagen plaats. Uiteindelijk werden er 13 bommen gevonden, waarvan er 10 tot explosie waren gebracht. Bij deze ergste terroristische aanslag in Europa, sinds de Lockerbie-ramp, komen er 191 mensen om het leven en raken ruim 1400 mensen gewond. De schuld wordt door de Spaanse overheid eerst geschoven in de richting van de Baskische afscheidingsbeweging ETA. De ETA ontkent echter elke betrokkenheid bij de aanslag. Later wordt een cassettetape met Arabische koranverzen gevonden en Al Qaida wordt hierdoor als vermoedelijke dader gezien. Spaanse autoriteiten blijven echter nog enige tijd bij hun standpunt dat de aanslag het werk is van de ETA. Maar een met Al Qaida verwante organisatie, Brigade Abu Hafs al-Masri, eist vervolgens de aanslag op en na het vinden van de cassettetape en uitgebreid onderzoek wordt Al Qaida dus als officià «le dader gezien. Als er naar de data wordt gekeken ka n ook geconcludeerd worden dat de aanslag toebehoord aan Al Qaida. De aanslag vind precies 30 maanden (2,5 jaar, 911 dagen) na de aanslagen op 11 september plaats. 911 is een veelgebruikte aanduiding voor de aanslagen van 11 september. Van toeval is dus niet meer te spreken. De aanslagen in Madrid zijn het geplande werk van Al Qaida. 7 juli 2005: In de ochtend van 7 juli 2005 kreeg Londen te maken met verschillende explosies. In een half uur vonden er drie ontploffingen plaats in de metro en even later werd een openbare bus het doelwit van een terroristische aanslag. Met 56 doden en ruim 700 gewonden was dit de meest ernstige terroristische aanslag op het Verenigd Koninkrijk sinds de ramp in Lockerbie (1988). Bij de explosies in de metros werd eerst nog uitgegaan van een ernstige stroomstoring maar toen even later een dubbeldekkerbus explodeerde, werd duidelijk dat het om een terroristische aanslag ging. Al Qaida werd al snel als schuldige gezien. Omdat er verschillende aanslagen vrijwel tegelijkertijd plaatsvonden, wezen experts erop dat het daarom als een klassieke Al Qaida aanslag kon worden gezien. Van klassieke Al Qaida aanslagen kan worden gesproken als de aanslagen de volgende kenmerken bezitten: de explosies vinden vrijwel tegelijkertijd plaats; er werden vooraf geen waarschuwingen gegeven door de terroristen; om de maximale aandacht van de media te trekken wordt een druk tijdstip uitgekozen, zoals de ochtendspits; de aanvallen vinden plaats op een druk tijdstip, met als doel om zoveel mogelijk burgers om te brengen. De aanslag werd ook vrijwel direct opgeà «ist door Al Qaida. De speciale tak van Al Qaida in Europa plaatst via internet een verklaring waaruit blijkt dat de aanslagen een vergelding waren voor de Britten in Irak. Een deel van de verklaring luidt: Wij hebben onze belofte gehouden en een succesvolle militaire operatie uitgevoerd. We waarschuwen eveneens de regeringen van Denemarken en Italià « om hun troepen uit Afghanistan en Irak terug te trekken. Motieven van Islamitische terroristen: Islamitische extremisten zien zichzelf natuurlijk niet als terroristen. Zij vinden zichzelf vrijheidstrijders en zeggen dat zij handelen uit naam van een hoger doel wat hen leidt. Ze geloven dat hun God van hen verwacht dat ze hun eigen godsdienst verdedigen door mensen van andere religies of geloofovertuigingen aan te vallen. Ze maken zich niet druk om het verlies van politieke steun omdat in hun gedachte hun God toch altijd aan hun kant zal blijven staan. Geweld en het ombrengen van burgers die onschuldig zijn is daarbij noodzakelijk om hun doel te bereiken. Zij proberen op deze manier politieke veranderingen er door te krijgen. De vier motieven voor Islamitische terroristen zijn daarom ook extremisme, separatisme, politiek idealisme of hun geloof in een goede zaak. Islamitische extremisten geloven in het feit dat als beloning voor daden als zelfmoordaanslagen zij als martelaren worden vereerd en dus in het paradijs terechtkomen. Als eis bij een terroristische aanslag wordt vaak de vrijlating van verschillende gevangenen geà «ist. Methoden van Islamitische terroristen: Het financieren van terroristische aanslagen kost vaak vele miljoenen euros. Er is geld nodig voor de training, uitrusting en reizen. Dit wordt vaak gefinancierd door bankovervallen, het losgeld van gijzelingen en valsemunterij. Uit onderzoek is gebleken dat Al Qaida ook een deel van hun geld doorgesluisd heeft gekregen van verschillende liefdadigheidsorganisaties, bedrijven en banken. De organisatie van islamitische terreurbewegingen gebeurt vaak in verschillende, kleine groepen (cellen). Elke cel bestaat daarbij vaak uit enkele leden. De cellen opereren vaak onder miljoenen mensen en het opsporten is daarom ook haast onmogelijk, verder is er ook zeer weinig of geen contact tussen de verschillende cellen onderling. Zo kunnen grote terreurorganisaties als Al Qaida nooit in à ©Ãƒ ©n keer worden opgespoord. Er zijn bij Islamitische terreuracties al verschillende technieken toegepast. Vliegtuigkapingen, schietpartijen in het openbaar, persoonlijke moordaanslagen, ontvoeringen en bomaanslagen. Bommen worden in autos, vliegtuigen, treinen of boten geplaatst en verschillende keren ook als raketten afgevuurd. Vaak is er ook sprake van zelfmoordaanslagen waarbij de terroristen zichzelf in een drukke omgeving tot ontploffen brengen. Hoewel er de laatste tijd veel te doen is geweest om massavernietigingswapens afkomstig van Islmatische extremisten als chemische zenuwgassen of biologische of nucleaire stoffen, wordt er ook vaak nog gebruikt gemaakt van veel simpeler materiaal. Kunstmest is een goedkope, zeer effectieve en vaak gebruikte springstof. Terrorisme in de media: Terroristische aanslagen bereiken vrijwel altijd de media. Logisch, vaak overlijden of raken er tientallen of zelfs honderden mensen gewond bij een aanslag. Er zijn op dit gebied echter wel twee verschillende soorten aanslagen te onderscheiden. Het kan gaan om een kleinschalige actie die gericht is op het executeren of ontvoeren van à ©Ãƒ ©n bepaalde persoon of een kleine groep mensen. Hierbij is het dan de bedoeling van de terroristen om mensen te laten zien dat zij het niet eens zijn met het beleid van deze persoon of het kan als waarschuwing gelden. Bij de gijzeling tijdens de Olympische Spelen werden bijvoorbeeld maar 9 mensen gegijzeld. Wel waren dit allemaal Israà «lià «rs waardoor duidelijk werd dat dit een aanslag was tegen het gehele Israà «lische volk. Het bereiken van de media is ook altijd het voornaamste doel van de terroristen. Op deze manier kunnen zij een veel groter deel van de mensen bereiken en duidelijk maken wat het doel van de aanslag was. Er worden daarom ook altijd grote gebouwen, drukke tijdstippen en grote evenementen gekozen voor een aanslag. Op deze manier proberen zij hun acties zo spectaculair mogelijk te laten overkomen bij de bevolking en hun boodschap zo duidelijk mogelijk te maken. De media is dus een belangrijk hulpmiddel van terroristen. Zo zou volgens de Israà «lische premier Benjamin Netanyahu terrorisme afnemen als er niet zoveel aandacht aan geschonken zou worden in de media. Het hoofddoel van de terroristen, namelijk publiciteit, valt dan weg. Hoofdstuk 2 Wat is de kern van het conflict tussen de Westerse wereld en de Islamitische wereld? De vele aanslagen tussen de Westerse en de Islamitische wereld zijn niet zomaar in hier terecht gekomen. Er heerst een conflict tussen deze werelden. Een conflict dat nog lang niet zal zijn afgelopen. Er is namelijk al zà ³ lang een conflict dat de werkelijk oorzaak hiervan moeilijk is vast te leggen. Het is van belang vast te stellen wat precies de kern is van dit conflict, om te kunnen kijken wat er zou moeten gebeuren om dit probleem tegen te gaan. Daarom is het ook van belang eerder samengestelde kernen van het conflict tegen elkaar af te wegen. In dit hoofdstuk zullen verschillende visies op het conflict tussen de Westerse wereld en de Islamitische wereld tegen over elkaar worden gezet. Op welke punten hebben ze gelijk en op welke niet. Er zijn 3 visies uitgekozen die worden vergeleken. In het westen is men van mening dat ieder individu mag kiezen hoe hij of zij leeft als dit maar binnen de wetsregels past. Welke religie, welke geaardheid of waar je vandaan komt horen in principe geen rol te spelen. De islam is anders. Toen de westerse invloed eind 19e eeuw de islamitische wereld bereikte, als gevolg van het kolonialisme is de islam in veel landen veranderd. Er was verdeeldheid over hoe de westerse invloed werd opgevat. Sommigen, die de westerse wereld accepteerden, probeerden te twee werelden samen te voegen en zeiden dat de islam goed samenging met de westerse wereld, anderen vonden de idealen helemaal niet zo vanzelfsprekend. De groep die zich afkeert van de westerse wereld wordt gezien als moslimfundamentalisten. Niet iedere fundamentalist zet zich af tegen het westen echter ieder die zich wel afzet is wel een fundamentalist. Het afzetten is een tegenreactie op de westerse wereld. Zo denkt Osama Bin Laden over zijn haat tegen de westerse wereld. De liberalen mos lims proberen juist de islam te vermengen met de moderne wereld. Zij willen weer terug naar een tijd waarin de sharia flexibeler was en regels ook minder streng waren. Het eerste punt is ontstaan toen de westerse wereld invloed kreeg in moslim landen en niet ieder dit accepteerde. Maar dit hoeft niet per se haat te creà «ren. De religie, de islam, schrijft dat de islam iets is van de hele gemeenschap. Vele streven dan ook naar à ©Ãƒ ©n wereldomvattende islamitische staat. Mensen die niet geloven worden ook wel kaffer genoemd. Het zijn deze gedachten, die aangeven dat de islam in principe niet open staat voor andere religies. De manier van interpreteren speelt hier natuurlijk een belangrijke rol bij. Fundamentalisten kunnen dit zien als rede voor geweld, terwijl liberalen dit geweldloos willen oplossen door een gemengde wereld te vormen. Het is ook deze verscheidenheid die er voor zorgt dat niet iedere moslim een terrorist is, maar wel de kans schept om terroristen, of vrijheidsstrijders, te laten voortkomen uit de islam. Want wat wij terroristen noemen, zien zij als vrijheidsstrijders die vrijheid willen zonder de westerse wereld. Radicale Imams: Ashfin Ellian, een (ex-) moslim en rechtsgeleerde is van mening dat het moslimterrorisme alleen te bestrijden is door een open en kritisch debat te voeren over de islam. Zo kunnen we van mekaar leren en vooroordelen verhelpen. Het echte probleem zit volgens hem bij de politieke islam. De aanhangers van de politieke islam zijn de grote vijand van de gewone moslims. Omdat die het imago van de islam negatief aantasten. Net zoals je de katholieken niet moet verwarren met het katholicisme, moet je moslims niet met de islam verwarren. Niet elke aanhanger van het katholicisme doet wat er precies staat in de bijbel of wat de paus zegt. Hetzelfde geldt voor aanhangers van de islam, daar zitten ook verschillen bij. De meesten zijn normale mensen, die hard werken om hun kinderen een toekomst te geven. Als aanhangers van de politieke islam de macht grijpen wordt het leven ondraaglijk, zoals we kunnen zien in Iran en Afghanistan. De politieke islam claimt de absolute waarheid en controle over het leven van alle mensen. Dit in tegenstelling tot de democratie van de Westerse wereld. Volgens Ashfin kan dit worden voorkomen door ervoor te zorgen dat jongeren zich niet bij hun zoektocht naar de islam opsluiten in de politieke islam. Deze jongeren worden benvloed door radicale imams, en dat moet worden tegengegaan. Eigenlijk geeft Ashfin de schuld aan de radicale imams die er voor zorgen dat jongeren aanhangers worden van de politieke islam, en dat is de basis voor een conflict. De politieke islam laat geen plaats over voor mensen die anders denken. Dit terwijl de vrijheid van meningsuiting bij velen zo belangrijk is. Ashfin Ellian zoekt de oplossing bij de nieuwe generatie radicale moslims, en het opkomen daarvan probeert hij te voorkomen. Het zijn inderdaad de radicale moslims die voor veel problemen zorgen, niet de doorsnee moslim. Ook zijn het inderdaad de radicale imams die deze boodschappen doorgeven. Echter om dit op te lossen is het houden van een open en kritisch debat geen oplossing. Want wie praten er dan op zon debat. Wie kijken ernaar, wie heeft de leiding. Het is een onrealistisch doel. Bovendien wordt een debat meestal gevoerd door mensen die bereid zijn erover te praten. Maar radicale moslims en imams zijn dat niet. Die willen niet omgaan met mensen die anders denken. Het is dus niet mogelijk dit debat te org